ὁ,
ἡ, τό, is, when thus written,
A demonstrative Pronoun.
B in
Attic dialect, definite or prepositive Article.
C in
Epic dialect, the so-called postpositive Article, = relative Pronoun, ὅς, ἥ, ὅ.—The
nominative masculine and
feminine singular and
plural, ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ, have no accent in codices and most printed books, except when used as the relative; but ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ differ only in writing from ὃ, ἣ, οἳ, α; the
nominative forms of the article are said by Hdn.Gr.1.474 to be oxytone, and by [
Refs 2nd c.AD+] in
Aeolic dialect accusative to [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
genitive and
dative dual τοῖιν [
Refs 8th c.BC+]— In
Doric dialect and all other dialects except
Attic dialect and
Ionic dialect the
feminine forms preserve the old ᾱ instead of changing it to η, hence
Doric dialect etc. ἁ, τάν, τᾶ; the
genitive plural τάων contracts in many dialects to τᾶ; the
genitive singular is in many places τῶ,
accusative plural τώς, but Cretan dialect, etc., τόνς [
Refs]; in Lesbian
Aeolic dialect the
accusative plural forms are τοὶς, ταὶς, [
Refs];
dative plural τοῖς, ταῖς (or τοὶς, ταὶς, see above), [
Refs]; ταῖσι as
demonstrative, [
Refs 7th c.BC+] Poets also used the
Ionic dialect and _Epic dialect_ forms τοῖσι, ταῖσ; and in Trag. we find τοὶ μέν.., τοὶ δέ.., for οἱ μέν.., οἱ δέ.., not only in Lyric poetry, as [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; but even in a trimeter, [
Refs 5th c.BC+] ὅ; τὼ πόλεε Foed. cited in [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; in [
Refs 4th c.AD+] functions as
genitive dual
feminine, μεσακόθεν τοῖς κράναιυν [
Refs 4th c.BC+] —in Elean and _Boeotian dialect_ ὁ, ἡ (ἁ), τό, with the addition of -ί, =ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε, _nominative_ _plural_ _masculine_ τυΐ
the following men, [
Refs 3rd c.BC+] cf. Sanskrit
demonstrative pronoun sa, sā, Gothic
sa, sō, ONorse
sá, sú, Old Latin
accusative sum, sam (Enn.): —with τό [from *τόδ] cf. Sanskrit
tat (tad), Latin
is-tud, Gothic
pata: —with τοί cf. Sanskrit
te, Lithuanian
tĩe, O[
Refs 5th c.BC+]
pá, etc.:—with τάων cf. Sanskrit
tāsām, Latin
is-tarum:— the origin of the relative ὅς, ἥ, ὅ (which see) is different.)
A ὁ, ἡ, τό, DEMONSTR. PRONOUN,
that, the oldest and in [
Refs 8th c.BC+] the commonest sense: frequently also in [
Refs 5th c.BC+], and sometimes in Trag. (mostly in Lyric poetry, [
Refs 4th c.BC+]; τῶν γάρ.., τῆς γάρ.., [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; seldom in
Attic dialect Prose, except in special phrases, see infr. VI, VII):
A.I joined with a
substantive, to call attention to it, ὁ Τυδεΐδης
he—Tydeus'
famous son, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; τὸν Χρύσην
that venerable man Chryses, I.II: and so with
appellative, Νέστωρ ὁ γέρων N.—
thataged man, [
Refs]; αἰετοῦ.. τοῦ θηρητῆρος the eagle,
that which is called hunter, [
Refs]; also to define and give emphasis, τιμῆς τῆς Πριάμου for honour,
namely that of Priam, [
Refs]; οἴχετ᾽ ἀνὴρ ὤριστος a man is gone,
and he the best, [
Refs]:—different from this are cases [
Refs 8th c.BC+] if he would help the Trojans, but drive
those back to the ships—
I mean the Achaeans, where Ἀχ. is only added to explain τούς, compare [
Refs]
A.II frequently without a
substantive,
he, she, it, ὁ γὰρ ἦλθε [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
A.III placed after its Noun, before the Relat. Prons., ἐφάμην σὲ περὶ φρένας ἔμμεναι ἄλλων, τῶν ὅσσοι Λυκίην ναιετάουσι far above the rest,
above those to wit who, etc., [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; οἷ᾽ οὔ πώ τιν᾽ ἀκούομεν οὐδὲ παλαιῶν, τάων αἳ πάρος ἦσαν.. Ἀχαιαί such as we have not heard tell of yet even among the women of old,
those women to wit who.., [
Refs 8th c.BC+] —for the _Attic dialect_ usage see below
A.IV before a Possessive
pronoun its
demonstrative force is sometimes very manifest, φθίσει σε τὸ σὸν μένος
that spirit of thine, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
A.V for cases in which the Homeric usage approaches most nearly to the Attic, see below [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
A.VI ὁ μέν.., ὁ δέ.. without a
substantive, in all cases, genders, and numbers, [
Refs 8th c.BC+] properly refers to
the former, ὁ δέ to
the latter; more rarely ὁ μέν
the latter, ὁ δέ
the former, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]: sometimes in Partition,
the one.., the other.., etc.—The Noun with it is regularly in
genitive plural, being divided by the ὁ μέν.., ὁ δέ.., into parts, ἠΐθεοι καὶ παρθένοι.., τῶν δ᾽ αἱ μὲν λεπτὰς ὀθόνας ἔχον, οἱ δὲ χιτῶνας εἵατο [
Refs 8th c.BC+]: but frequently the Noun is in the same case, by a kind of apposition, ἴδον υἷε Δάρητος, τὸν μὲν ἀλευάμενον τὸν δὲ κτάμενον [
Refs 8th c.BC+]: so in Trag. and
Attic dialect, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; if the Noun be collective, it is in the
genitive singular, ὁ μὲν πεπραμένος ἦν τοῦ σίτου, ὁ δὲ ἔνδον ἀποκείμενος [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
A.VI.2 when a
negative accompanies ὁ δέ, it follows δέ, e.g. τὰς γοῦν Ἀθήνας οἶδα τὸν δὲ χῶρον οὔ [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
A.VI.3 ὁ μέν τις.., ὁ δέ τις.. is used in Prose, when the Noun to which ὁ refers is left indefinite, ἔλεγον ὁ μέν τις τὴν σοφίαν, ὁ δὲ τὴν καρτερίαν.., ὁ δέ τις καὶ τὸ κάλλος [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
A.VI.4 on τὸ μέν.., τὸ δέ.., or τὰ μέν.., τὰ δέ.., [
Refs]
A.VI.5 ὁ μέν is frequently used without a corresponding ὁ δέ, οἱ μὲν ἄρ᾽ ἐσκίδναντο.., Μυρμιδόνας δ᾽ οὐκ εἴα ἀποσκίδνασθαι [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; by ἄλλος δέ, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
A.VI.6 ὁ δέ following μέν sometimes refers to the subject of the preceding clause, τοῦ μὲν ἅμαρθ᾽, ὁ δὲ Λεῦκον.. βεβλήκει [
Refs 8th c.BC+]: rare in
Attic dialect Prose, ἐπεψήφιζεν αὐτὸς ἔφορος ὤν· ὁ δὲ οὐκ ἔφη διαγιγνώσκειν τὴν βοήν [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
A.VI.7 ὁ δέ is frequently used simply in continuing a narrative, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; also used by [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
A.VI.8 the opposition may be expressed otherwise than by μέν and δέ, οὔθ᾽ ὁ.. οὔθ᾽ ὁ [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
A.VII the following usages prevailed in
Attic dialect Prose,
A.VII.1 in dialogue, after καί, it was usual to say in
nominative singular masculine καὶ ὅ; in the other cases the usual forms of the
Article were used (see. ὅς [
Refs 4th c.BC+] II.I and cf. Sanskrit
sas, alternatative form of
sa); so, in
accusative, καὶ τὸν εἰπεῖν [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
A.VII.2 ὁ καὶ ὁ
such and such, τῇ καὶ τῇ ἀτιμίᾳ [
Refs 5th c.BC+]: but mostly in
accusative, καί μοι κάλει τὸν καὶ τόν [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἀνάγκη ἄρα τὸ καὶ τό it must then be
so and so, [
Refs 4th c.BC+]; but τὰ καὶ τά
now one thing, now another, of good and bad, τὸν δ᾽ ἀγαθὸν τολμᾶν χρὴ τά τε καὶ τὰ φέρειν [
Refs 6th c.BC+]; so πάντα τοῦ μετρίου μεταβαλλόμενα ἐπὶ τὰ καὶ ἐπὶ τά, of excess and defect, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
A.VIII absolutely usages of single cases,
A.VIII.1 feminine dative τῇ, of Place,
there, on that spot, here, this way, that way, [
Refs 8th c.BC+], etc.: also in Prose, τὸ μὲν τῇ, τὸ δὲ τῇ [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
A.VIII.1.b with a notion of motion towards,
that way, in that direction, [
Refs 8th c.BC+] —only
poetry A.VIII.1.c of Manner, τῇ περ τελευτήσεσθαι ἔμελλεν
in this way, thus, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
A.VIII.1.d repeated, τῇ μέν.., τῇ δέ..,
in one way.., in another.., or
partly.., partly.., [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
A.VIII.1.e relative,
where, by which way, only
Epic dialect, as [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
A.VIII.2 neuter dative τῷ,
therefore, on this account, frequently in [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
A.VIII.2.b thus, so, [
Refs 8th c.BC+] precedes, be translated,
then, if this be so, on this condition, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
A.VIII.3 neuter accusative τό,
wherefore, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; also τὸ δέ
absolutely, but
the fact is.., [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; even when the τό refers to what precedes, the contrast may lie not in the thing referred to, but in another part of the sentence (compare above[
Refs 5th c.BC+]; φασὶ δέ τινες αὐτὸν καὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφῶν γεγονέναι· τὸ δὲ οὐκ ἦν but he was not, [
Refs 1st c.BC+]
A.VIII.4 τὸ μέν.., τὸ δέ..,
partly.., partly.., or
on the one hand.., on the other.., [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; more frequently τὰ μέν.., τὰ δέ.., [
Refs 5th c.BC+] in the first clause, τὸ δέ τι [
Refs] several
times.. and finally, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
A.VIII.5 of Time, sometimes
that time, sometimes
this (present) time, συνμαχία κ᾽ ἔα ἑκατὸν ϝέτεα, ἄρχοι δέ κα τοΐ (where it is possible, but not necessary, to supply ϝέτος) [
Refs 6th c.BC+] from
that time, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
A.VIII.5.b πρὸ τοῦ, sometimes written προτοῦ,
before this, aforetime, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
A.VIII.5.c in Thess. Prose, ὑππρὸ τᾶς
yesterday, τὰ ψαφίσματα τό τε ὑππρὸ τᾶς γενόμενον καὶ τὸ τᾶμον the decree which was passed
yesterday (literal before
this [day]), and to-day's, [
Refs 3rd c.BC+]
A.VIII.6 ἐν τοῖς is frequently used in Prose with Superlatives, ἐν τοῖσι θειότατον a
most marvellous thing, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἐν τοῖς πρῶτοι the
very first, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἐν τοῖσι πρῶτος (πρώτοις codices) [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; [Ζεὺς] Ἔρωτά τε καὶ Ἀνάγκην ἐν τοῖς πρῶτα ἐγέννησεν first
of all, [
Refs 2nd c.AD+] the greatest number of ships, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]: also with
adverbs, ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα [
Refs 5th c.BC+]: in late Prose, also with Positives, ἐν τοῖς παράδοξον [
Refs 1st c.BC+]
B ὁ, ἡ, τό, THE DEFINITE ARTICLE,
the, to specify individuals: rare in this
signification in the earliest Gr., becoming commoner later. In [
Refs 8th c.BC+] the
demonstrative force can generally be traced, [
Refs 4th c.BC+] I, but the definite
Article must be recognized in places [
Refs 8th c.BC+]: also when joined to an
adjective to make it a
substantive, αἰὲν ἀποκτείνων τὸν ὀπίστατον
the hindmost man, [
Refs 8th c.BC+].; also in τῶν ἄλλων [
Refs]; also τὸ τρίτον[
Refs]; τὸ μὲν ἄλλο for
the rest,[
Refs]—The true
Article, however, is first fully established in 5th C
Attic dialect, whilst the
demonstrative usage disappears, except in a few cases, V. [
Refs 4th c.BC+] —Chief usages, especially in _Attic dialect_
B.I not only with common Appellats.,
adjectives, and Parts., to specify them as present to sense or mind, but also frequently where we use the Possessive
pronoun, τὸ κέαρ ηὐφράνθην [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὴν κεφαλὴν κατεάγην
my head was broken, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; τοὺς φίλους ποιούμεθα we make
our friends, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὰς πόλεις ἔκτιζον they began founding
their cities, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.I.b omitted with
proper nounsand frequently with Appellats. which require no specification, as θεός, βασιλεύς, see at θεός [
Refs] III; ἐμ πόλει in
the Acropolis, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; compare Θράσυλος in [
Refs]; or when the person spoken of is to be specially distinguished, Ζεύς, ὅστις ὁ Ζεύς whoever
this Zeus is, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; and therefore properly omitted when a special designation follows, as Σωκράτης ὁ φιλόσοφος: seldom in Trag. with
proper nouns, save to give peculiar emphasis, like Latin
ille, ὁ Λάϊος, ὁ Φοῖβος, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.I.c Aristotle says Σωκράτης meaning the historical Socrates, as in [
Refs] when he means the Platonic Socrates, as [
Refs]
B.I.d for Σαῦλος ὁ καὶ Παῦλος, etc., see at καί [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.I.2 in a generic sense, where the individual is treated as a type, οἷς ὁ γέρων μετέῃσιν.. λεύσσει [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
B.I.2.b frequently with abstract Nouns, ἥ τε ἐλπὶς καὶ ὁ ἔρως [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.I.3 of outstanding members of a class, ὁ γεωγράφος, ὁ κωμικός, ὁ ποιητής, ὁ τεχνικός, see at γεωγράφος, κωμικός, ποιητής, τεχνικός.
B.I.4 with
infinitives, which thereby become
Substantives, τὸ εἴργειν prevention, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸ φρονεῖν good sense, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
infinitive, τὸ θεοὺς εἶναι
the existence of gods, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸ μηδένα εἶναι ὄλβιον
the fact or
statement that no one is happy, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.I.5 in
neuter before any word or expression which itself is made the object of thought, τὸ ἄνθρωπος
the word or
notion man; τὸ λέγω
the word λέγ; τὸ μηδὲν ἄγαν
the sentiment 'ne quid nimis', [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸ τῇ αὐτῇ
the phrase τῇ αὐτῇ, [
Refs 5th c.BC+] the opinion about
the question 'who ought to rule', [
Refs]; τὸ ἐὰν μένητε παρ᾽ ἐμοί, ἀποδώσω
the phrase 'I will give back, if.. ', [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸ ὀλίγοι
the term few, [
Refs 4th c.BC+]
B.I.6 before
relative clauses, when the
Article serves to combine the whole
relative clause into one notion, τῇ ᾗ φὴς σὺ σκληρότητι
the harshness you speak of, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸν ἥμερον καρπόν.., καὶ τὸν ὅσος ξύλινος (i.e. καὶ τὸν καρπὸν ὅσος ἂν ᾖ ξύλινος) [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.I.7 before Prons.,
B.I.7.a before the
person Prons., giving them greater emphasis, but only in
accusative, τὸν ἐμέ [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸν.. σὲ καὶ ἐμέ[
Refs]
B.I.7.b before the
interrogative pronoun (both τίς and ποῖος), referring to something before, which needs to be more distinctly specified, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; τῆς ποίας μερίδο; [
Refs 4th c.BC+]; τοῖς ποίοις..; [
Refs 4th c.BC+]
B.I.7.c with τοιοῦτος, τοιόσδε, τηλικοῦτος, etc., the
Article either makes the
pronoun into a
substantive, ὁ τοιοῦτος
that sort of person, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; or subjoins it to a
substantive which already has an
Article, τὴν ἀπολογίαν τὴν τοιαύτην [
Refs 4th c.BC+]
B.I.8 before ἅπας, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; also τὸν ἕνα, τὸν ἕνα τοῦτον, [
Refs 4th c.BC+] see entry; and on οἱ ἄλλοι, οἱ πολλοί, etc., see at ἄλλος [
Refs]
B.I.9 the
Article with the
comparative is rare, if ἤ follows, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.II elliptic expressions:
B.II.1 before the
genitive of a
proper name, to express descent,
son or
daughter, Θουκυδίδης ὁ Ὀλόρου (i.e. υἱός) [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; Ἑλένη ἡ τοῦ Διός (i.e. θυγάτηρ) [
Refs 5th c.BC+]: also to denote other relationships, e.g.
brother, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἡ Σμικυθίωνος Μελιστίχη M.
the wife of [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; Κλέαρχος καὶ οἱ ἐκείνου Cl. and his
men, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὁ τοῦ Ἀντιγένεος
the slave of [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.II.2 generally, before a
genitive it indicates a wider relation, as τὸ τῶν νεῶν, τὸ τῶν Ἑρμῶν,
the matter of the ships,
the affair of the Hermae, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὰ τοῦ Ἀρριβαίου πράσσειν to promote
the interests of Arrhibaeus, [
Refs]; τὸ τῆς τύχης,=ἡ τύχη, [
Refs]; τὰ τῆς τύχης
accidents, chance events, [
Refs]; τὰ γὰρ φθιτῶν τοῖς ὁρῶσι κόσμος performance of
the rites due to the dead befits the living, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὰ τῶν θεῶν
that which is destined by the gods, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
what regards me or thee, my or thy business or interests, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]: and with
genitive of [
Refs 5th c.BC+] is frequently also,
a man's word or
saying, as τὸ τοῦ Σόλωνος [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸ τοῦ Ὁμήρου
as Homer says, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; also τά τινος so-and-so's
house, [
NT+5th c.BC+]
B.II.3 very frequently with cases governed by Preps.. αἱ ἐκ τῆς Ζακύνθου νῆες
the ships from Zacynthus, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; also τὰ ἐπὶ Θρᾴκης
the Thrace-ward
district, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὰ ἀπὸ τοῦ καταστρώματος
matters on deck, [
Refs]; τὰ ἀπ᾽ Ἀλκιβιάδου
the proposals of Alcibiades, [
Refs]; τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς τύχης
the incidents of fortune, [
Refs]
B.II.4 on μὰ τόν, μὰ τήν, etc., see at μά IV.
B.II.5 in elliptical phrases, ἐπορευόμην τὴν ἔξω τείχους (i.e. ὁδόν) [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἡ αὔριον (i.e. ἡμέρα), see at αὔριον; ἡ Λυδιστί (i.e. ἁρμονία) [
Refs 4th c.BC+]; ὁ οἴκαδε πλοῦς [
Refs 5th c.BC+], etc.; but τό stands
absolutely with Advs. of time and place, when one cannot (as in the preceding instances) supply a
substantive, as κἀκεῖσε καὶ τὸ δεῦρο [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὁ μὲν τὸ κεῖθεν, ὁ δὲ τὸ κεῖθεν [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
C as RELATIVE PRONOUN in many dialects; both in
nominative singular masculine ὅ, as κλῦθί μοι, ὃ χθιζὸς θεὸς ἤλυθες [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; ὃ ἐξορύξη
he who banishes him, [
Refs]; and in the forms beginning with τ, especially in [
Refs 8th c.BC+]: also in
Ionic dialect Poets, ἐν τῷ κάθημαι [
Refs 7th c.BC+]; τό [
Refs]; τῶν[
Refs]—Never in Comedy texts or
Attic dialect Prose:—
Epic dialect genitive singular τεῦ [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
D CRASIS OF ARTICLE:
D.a Attic dialect ὁ, ἡ, τό, with ᾰ make ᾱ, as ἁνήρ, ἁλήθεια, τἀγαθόν, τᾄτιο; so οἱ, αἱ, τά, as ἅνδρες, τἀγαθ; also τοῦ, τῷ, as τἀγαθοῦ, τἀγαθῷ: ὁ, τό, οἱ, before e gives ου, οὑξ, οὑπί, οὑμός, τοὔργον, οὑπιχώριοι, etc.; also τοῦ, as τοὐμοῦ, τοὐπιόντο; but ἅτερος, θάτερον ([musical notation]),
Ionic dialect οὕτερος, τοὔτερον (see. ἕτερος),
Attic dialect feminine ἡτέρα,
dative θητέρᾳ (see. ἕτερος); τῷ loses the iota, τὠμῷ, τὠπιόντι: ὁ, τό, before ο gives ου, as Οὁδυσσεύς, Οὑλύμπιος, τοὔνομα: ὁ, τό, etc., before αυ gives ᾱυ, αὑτός, ταὐτό, ταὐτῷ (frequently written ἁτός, etc. in Inscrr. and Papyrus); so τὰ αὐτά=ταὐτά, αἱ αὐταί=αὑταί: ἡ before εὐ gives ηὑ, as ηὑλάβεια: τῇ before ἡ gives θη, as θἠμέρᾳ: τὸ before ὑ gives θου, as θοὔδωρ for τὸ ὕδωρ.
D.b other dialects: in their treatment of crasis these follow the local laws of contraction, hence, e.g.,
Doric dialect ὡξ from ὁ ἐξ [
Refs 3rd c.BC+];
Ionic dialect ᾡσυμνήτης from ὁ αἰς-[
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὡυτή from ἡ αὐτή [
Refs 1st c.AD+]
出典: STEPBible.org (Tyndale House, Cambridge), CC BY 4.0
