οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο,
genitive τούτου, ταύτης, τούτου, etc.: the dual
feminine never in
Attic dialect, see ὁ, ἡ, τό, [near the start]:—
demonstrative pronoun,
this, common from [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
A ORIGIN and FORMS: οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο probably arose from a reduplication of the
demonstrative ὁ, ἡ, τό with insertion of -υ- (= Sanskrit Particle
u), e.g. ταῦτα from τα-υ-τα:
Doric dialect genitive singular feminine τούτας [
Refs 5th c.BC+], etc., the latter is uncertain in [
Refs 5th c.BC+], as
genitive singular neuter οὕτω [
Refs 3rd c.BC+];
accusative singular feminine οὕταν [
Refs 6th c.BC+] —In _Attic dialect_ οὗτος was frequently strengthened by the _demonstrative_ -ί, οὑτοσί, αὑτηί, τουτί, _genitive_ τουτουί, _dative_ τουτῳί, _accusative_ τουτονί;
plural nominative οὑτοιί,
neuter ταυτί, etc.,
this man here: sometimes a Particle is inserted between the
pronoun and -ί, as αὑτηγί for αὑτηί γε, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; τουτογί for τουτί γε, [
Refs]; ταυταγί for ταυτί γε, [
Refs]; τουτοδί for τουτὶ δέ, [
Refs]; τουτουμενί for τουτουὶ μέν, [
Refs] —In codices the ν ἐφελκυστικόν is sometimes added in the forms οὑτοσίν, οὑτωσίν, and οὑτοσίν is said to be
Attic dialect by [
Refs 2nd c.AD+]. [This ι is always long, and a long vowel or diphthong before it becomes short, as αὑτη?~Xί, τουτω?~Xί, οὑτοῐί, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B USAGE in regard to CONCOR[
Refs 4th c.BC+] is frequently used as a
pronoun substantive: hence
neuter is followed by
genitive, κατὰ τοῦτο τῆς ἀκροπόλιος [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
adjective, in which case its
substantive commonly takes the
Article, οὗτος ὁ ἀνήρ or ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος.—But the
Article is absent,
B.1 always in
Epic dialect Poets (except [
Refs 8th c.BC+]: sometimes also in Trag., [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.2 sometimes when the Noun is so specified that the
Article is not needed, ἐς γῆν ταύτην.., ἥντινα νῦν Σκύθαι νέμονται [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.3 when οὗτος is used in local sense,
here, see below with [
Refs]
B.4 when the Noun with which οὗτος agrees stands as its Predicate, αὕτη γὰρ ἦν σοι πρόφασις [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; δικαστοῦ αὕτη ἀρετή [ἐστι] [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
these were the grievances which already existed, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ταύτην φήμην παρέδοσαν
this was the report which.., [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
this was notably the greatest movement which.., [
NT+5th c.BC+]
B.5 when
3rd pers. is used for
2nd pers. to express contempt, οὗτος ἀνήρ, οὑτοσὶ ἀνήρ, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.II though οὗτος usually agrees with the Noun that serves as Predicate, it is not rare to find it in the
neuter, μανία δὲ καὶ τοῦτ᾽ ἐστί [
Refs 5th c.BC+]: and in
plural, οὐκ ἔστι ταῦτα ἀρχή [
Refs 4th c.BC+]: so with an explanatory clause added, τοῦτο γάρ ἐστιν ὁ συκοφάντης, αἰτιᾶσθαι μὲν πάντα ἐξελέγξαι δὲ μηδέν [
Refs 4th c.BC+]
B.II.2 so also with a Noun in apposition, τούτοισιν μὲν ταῦτα μέλει, κίθαρις καὶ ἀοιδή [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
B.II.3 the
neuter also may refer to a
masculine or
feminine Noun, καρπὸν φορέει κυάμῳ ἴσον: τοῦτο ἐπεὰν γένηται πέπον κτλ. [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.II.4 the
neuter is also used of classes of persons, μελιτοπῶλαι καὶ τυροπῶλαι: τοῦτο δ᾽ εἰς ἕν ἐστι συγκεκυφός [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; or of an abstract fact, οὐκ Ἰοφῶν ζ;—τοῦτο γάρ τοι καὶ μόνον ἔτ᾽ ἐστὶ λοιπὸν ἀγαθόν [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.III with Prons.,
B.III.1 personal, οὗτος σύ, in local sense, see below
B.III.2 interrogative, τί τοῦτ᾽ ἔλεξα; what is
this that.. ? [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ποίοισι τούτοι; for ποῖά ἐστι ταῦτα οἷς [ἔχεις ἐλπίδα]
; [
Refs]; Νέστορ᾽ ἔρειο ὅν τινα τοῦτον ἄγει whom he brings
here, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
B.III.3 with οἷος, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
B.III.4 possessive, πατὴρ σὸς οὗτος
this father of thine, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.III.5 demonstrative, οὗτος ἐκεῖνος, τὸν σὺ ζητέεις, where ἐκεῖνος is the Predicate, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; τοῦτον τὸν αὐτὸν ἄνδρα
this same man, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.III.5.b exceptionally, Διφίλου οὗτος ὅδ᾽ ἐστὶ τύπος [
Refs]
B.III.6 ἄλλος τις οὗτος ἀνέστη another man
here, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
B.IV with Numerals, τέθνηκε ταῦτα τρία ἔτη
these three years, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; [στρατείαν] ἑνδέκατον μῆνα τουτονὶ ποιεῖται for
these eleven months, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
C SIGNIFICATION AND SPECIAL IDIOMS:
C.I this, to designate
the nearer, opposed to ἐκεῖνος,
that, the more remote, ταῦτα, like τὰ ἐνταῦθα,
things round and about us, earthly things, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; compare ὅδε [near the start]: but οὗτος sometimes indicates that which is not really nearest, but most important, δεῖ.. τὸ βέλτιστον ἀεί, μὴ τὸ ῥᾷστον λέγειν: ἐπὶ ἐκεῖνο μὲν γὰρ ἡ φύσις αὐτὴ βαδιεῖται, ἐπὶ τοῦτο δὲ κτλ. [
Refs 4th c.BC+]
C.I.2 when, of two things, one precedes and the other follows, ὅδε properly refers to what follows, οὗτος to what precedes, οὐκ ἔστι σοι ταῦτ᾽, ἀλλά σοι τάδ᾽ ἔστι [
Refs 5th c.BC+] refers to what follows, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; οὔκουν.. τοῦτο γιγνώσκεις, ὅτι..; [
Refs 4th c.BC+]
C.I.3 οὗτος is used
emphatic, generally in contempt, while ἐκεῖνος denotes praise, ὁ πάντ᾽ ἄναλκις οὗτος, i.e. Aegisthus, [
Refs 5th c.BC+] of Philip; but οὗτος is used of Philip, [
Refs 4th c.BC+]
C.I.3.b of what is familiar, τούτους τοὺς πολυτελεῖς χιτῶνας, of the Persians, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; τὸ θυλακῶδες τοῦτο the
familiar bag-like thing, [
Refs 4th c.BC+]
C.I.4 in
Attic dialect law-language, οὗτος is commonly applied to
the opponent, whether plaintiff (as in [
Refs 4th c.BC+] or defendant (as in [
Refs]; so, in the political speeches of [
Refs 4th c.BC+] are
the opposite party, [
Refs], etc.; but in the forensic speeches, οὗτοι frequently means
the judges, the court, [
Refs]
C.I.5 much like an
adverb, in local sense (compare ὅδε [near the start]), τίς δ᾽ οὗτος κατὰ νῆας.. ἔρχεα; who art thou
here that comest.. ? [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; frequently in
Attic dialect, τίς οὑτοσ; who's this
here? [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; πολλὰ ὁρῶ ταῦτα πρόβατα I see many sheep
here, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
ho you! you
there! [
Refs 5th c.BC+]: with a
proper name, ὦ οὗτος, Αἴας [
Refs 5th c.BC+] —This phrase mostly implies anger, impatience, or scorn.
C.II simply as antecedent to ὅς, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
C.III = τοιοῦτος, οὗτος ἐγὼ ταχυτᾶτι [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
C.IV after a parenthesis, the Subject, though already named, is frequently
emphatic repeated by οὗτος, οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδὲ Ἀριστέης.., οὐδὲ οὗτος προσωτέρω.. ἔφησε ἀπικέσθαι [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
C.V καὶ οὗτος is added to heighten the force of a previous word, ξυνεστῶτες.. ναυτικῷ ἀγῶνι, καὶ τούτῳ πρὸς Ἀθηναίους [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; see infr. VIII.2.
C.VI repeated, where for the second we should merely say
he or
it, τοῖσιν τούτου τοῦτον μέλεσιν.. κελαδοῦντες [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
C.VII ταῦτα is used in some special phrases,
C.VII.1 ταῦτ᾽, ὦ δέσποτα
yes Sir (i. e. ἔστι ταῦτα, ταῦτα δράσω, etc.), [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; so also ἦν ταῦτα
even so, true, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
C.VII.2 ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ὑπάρξει
so it shall be, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
C.VII.3 καὶ ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ταῦτα so much for
that, frequently in
Attic dialect, as [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
C.VII.4 ταῦτα at end of a formula in epitaphs, etc., probably short for ταῦτα οὕτως ἔχει or ὁ βίος ταῦτά ἐστιν, e.g. οὐδὶς (= -εὶς) ἀθάνατος: ταῦτα [
Refs 2nd c.AD+]
C.VIII Adverbial usages:
C.VIII.1 ταῦτα
absolutely,
therefore, that is why.., [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; αὐτὰ ταῦτα ἥκω, ἵνα.. [
Refs 5th c.BC+] is rare in this sense, τοῦτ᾽ ἀφικόμην, ὅπως.. εὖ πράξαιμί τι [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; αὐτὸ γὰρ τοῦτο
just because of this, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
C.VIII.1.b πρὸς ταῦτα
so then, therefore, properly used in indignant defiance, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
C.VIII.2 καὶ ταῦτα, adding a circumstance heightening the force of what has been said,
and that, ἄνδρα γενναῖον θανεῖν, καὶ ταῦτα πρὸς γυναικός [
Refs 4th c.BC+]: but mostly with a
participle, ὅς γ᾽ ἐξέλυσας ἄστυ.., καὶ ταῦθ᾽ ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν οὐδὲν ἐξειδὼς πλέον [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; or with a
participle omitted, ἥτις.. τὴν τεκοῦσαν ὕβρισεν, καὶ ταῦτα τηλικοῦτος (i.e. οὖσα) [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
C.VIII.2.b καὶ ταῦτα
anyhow, no matter what happens (or
happened), ἐπεχείρησας, οὐδὲν ὢν καὶ ταῦτα you tried, but were no good
anyhow, i.e. try as you might, [
Refs 4th c.BC+]
C.VIII.3 τοῦτο μέν.., τοῦτο δέ..
on the one hand.., on the other.., partly.., partly.., very frequently in [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; τοῦτο μέν is sometimes answered by δέ only,[
Refs 5th c.BC+]; by δὲ αὖ, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; by ἔπειτα δέ, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; by ἀλλά, [
Refs 4th c.BC+]; by εἶτα, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; by τοῦτ᾽ αὖθις, [
Refs]
C.VIII.4 dative feminine ταύτῃ,
C.VIII.4.a on this spot, here, ταύτῃ μὲν.., τῇδε δ᾽ αὖ.. [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
C.VIII.4.b in this point, herein, μηδὲν ταύτῃ γε κομήσῃς [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
C.VIII.4.c in this way, thus, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; to ὅπῃ, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ταύτῃ καλεῖσθαι, etc., like οὕτω κ., [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
C.VIII.5 ἐκ τούτου or τούτων
thereupon, [
Refs 5th c.BC+];
therefore, [
Refs]
C.VIII.6 ἐν τούτῳ
in that case, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
C.VIII.6.b in the meantime, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
C.VIII.7 πρὸς τούτοις (-οισι)
besides, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
出典: STEPBible.org (Tyndale House, Cambridge), CC BY 4.0
