γάρ (γε, ἄρα), causal
conjunction, used alone or with other Particles.
I introducing the reason or cause of what precedes,
for, τῷ γὰρ ἐπὶ φρεσὶ θῆκε θεὰ λευκώλενος Ἥρη· κήδετο γ. Δαναῶν [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; but frequently in explanation of that which is implied in the preceding clause, πολλάων πολίων κατέλυσε κάρηνα.. τοῦ γὰρ κράτος ἐστὶ μέγιστον [
Refs]
I.b in simple explanations, especially after a Pronoun or
demonstrative adjective, ἀλλὰ τόδ᾽ αἰνὸν ἄχος κραδίην καὶ θυμὸν ἱκάνει· Ἕκτωρ γ. ποτε φήσει [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; ὃ δὲ δεινότατον.. ὁ Ζεὺς γ... [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; frequently in introducing proofs or examples, μαρτύριον δέ· Δήλου γ. καθαιρομένης.. [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; τεκμήριον δέ· οὔτε γ. Λακεδαιμόνιοι.. [
Refs 4th c.BC+]; in full, τεκμήριον δὲ τούτου τόδε· αἱ μὲν γ... [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; παράδειγμα τόδε τοῦ λόγου· ἐκ γ... [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
I.c to introduce a detailed description or narration already alluded to, ὅμως δὲ λεκτέα ἃ γιγνώσκω· ἔχει γ. [ἡ χώρα] πεδία κάλλιστα.. [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
I.d in answers to questions or statements challenging assent or denial,
yes,.., no,.. , οὔκουν.. ἀνάγκη ἐστ;—ἀνάγκη γ. οὖν, ἔφη,
ay doubtless it is necessary, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἱκανὸς γ., ἔφη, συμβαίνει γ., ἔφη, [
Refs]; οὔκουν δὴ τό γ᾽ εἰκός.—οὐ γ.: [
Refs]
I.2 by inversion, preceding the fact explained,
since, as, Ἀτρεΐδη, πολλοὶ γ. τεθνᾶσιν Ἀχαιοί.. τῷ σε χρὴ πόλεμον παῦσαι [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; χρόνου δὲ οὐ πολλοῦ διελθόντος (χρῆν γ. Κανδαύλῃ γενέσθαι κακῶς) ἔλεγε πρὸς τὸν Γύγην τοιάδε, Γύγη, οὐ γ. σε δοκέω πείθεσθαι.. (ὦτα γ. τυγχάνει κτλ.), ποίει ὅκως.. [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; εἶεν, σὺ γ. τούτων ἐπιστήμων, τί χρὴ ποιεῖ; [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; the principal proposition is sometimes
I.2.b blended with the causal one, τῇ δὲ κακῶς γ. ἔδεε γενέσθαι εἶπε, i.e. ἡ δέ (κακῶς γ. οἱ ἔδεε γενέσθαι) εἶπε [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
I.2.c attached to the hypothet. Particle instead of being joined to the apodosis, οὐδ᾽ εἰ γ. ἦν τὸ πρᾶγμα μὴ θεήλατον, ἀκάθαρτον ὑμᾶς εἰκὸς ἦν οὕτως ἐᾶν, i.e. οὐδὲ γ. εἰ ἦν.., [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
I.2.d repeated, οὐ γ. οὖν σιγήσομαι· ἔτικτε γ... [
Refs]
I.3 in elliptical phrases, where that of which γάρ gives the reason is omitted, and must be supplied,
I.3.a frequently in Trag. dialogue and [
Refs 5th c.BC+], when
yes or
no may be supplied from the context, καὶ δῆτ᾽ ἐτόλμας τούσδ᾽ ὑπερβαίνειν νόμου;—οὐ γ. τί μοι Ζεὺς ἦν ὁ κηρύξας τάδε [yes],
for it was not Zeus, etc., [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; frequently in phrase ἔστι γ. οὕτω [yes],
for so it is, i. e. yes certainly: λέγεταί τι καινό; γένοιτο γ. ἄν τι καινότερον ἢ..; [why,] could there be.. ? [
Refs 5th c.BC+] [do so],
yet shall ye never prevail by this means: for ἀλλὰ γ., see below[
Refs]
I.3.b to confirm or strengthen something said, οἵδ᾽ οὐκέτ᾽ εἰσί· τοῦτο γάρ σε δήξεται [I say this],
for it will sting thee, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]: after an Exclamation, ὦ πόποι· ἀνάριθμα γ. φέρω πήματα [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
I.3.c in conditional propositions, where the condition is omitted,
else, οὐ γ. ἄν με ἔπεμπον πάλιν (i.e. εἰ μὴ ἐπίστευον) [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; γίνεται γ. ἡ κοινωνία συμμαχία
for in that case, [
Refs 4th c.BC+]
I.4 in abrupt questions,
why, what, τίς γ. σε θεῶν ἐμοὶ ἄγγελον ἧκε;
why who hath sent thee? [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; πατροκτονοῦσα γ. ξυνοικήσεις ἐμο;
what, wilt thou.. ? [
Refs 4th c.BC+]..;
what, was it.. ? [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; τί γ.;
quid enim? i. e. it must be so, [
Refs]; τί γ. δή ποτ; [
Refs 4th c.BC+]; also πῶς γ.; πῶς γ. ο;, see at πῶς.
I.5 to strengthen a wish, with
optative, κακῶς γ. ἐξόλοιο O that you might perish ! [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; compare αἴ, εἰ, εἴθε, πῶς.
II joined with other Particles:
II.1 ἀλλὰ γ. where γάρ gives the reason of a clause to be supplied between ἀλλά and itself, as ἀλλ᾽ ἐν γὰρ Τρώων πεδίῳ.. but [
far otherwise], for.., [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἥκουσ᾽ αἵδ᾽ ἐπὶ πρᾶγος πικρόν but [
hush], for.., [
Refs 4th c.BC+]; ἀλλ᾽ οὐ γ. σ᾽ ἐθέλω.. but [
look out] for.., [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
II.2 γ. ἄρα
for indeed, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
II.3 γ. δή
for of course,
for you know, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; φάμεν γ. δή
yes certainly we say so, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
II.4 γ. νυ [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
II.5 γ. οὖν
for indeed, to confirm or explain, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; φησὶ γ. οὖν
yes of course he says so, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; compare τοιγαροῦν.
II.6 γ. που
for I suppose, especially with
negatives, [
Refs]
II.7 γ. ῥα, =γὰρ ἄρα, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
II.8 γ. τε, [
Refs]; also τε γ. [
Refs 4th c.BC+]
II.9 γ. τοι
for surely.., [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; compare τοιγάρτοι.
B POSITION: γάρ properly stands after the first word in a clause, but in Pocts it frequently stands third or fourth, when the preceding words are closely connected, as ὁ μὲν γὰρ.. [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; χἠ ναῦς γὰρ.. [
Refs]; τό τ᾽ εἰκαθεῖν γὰρ.. [
Refs]; τὸ μὴ θέμις γὰρ.. [
Refs 4th c.BC+]: sometimes for metrical reasons, where there is no such connexion, as third [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; in later Comedy texts fifth [
Refs 4th c.BC+]; once sixth in [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.2 inserted before the
demonstrative -ί, as νυνγαρί for νυνὶ γά; compare νυνί.
C QUANTITY: γάρ is sometimes long in [
Refs 8th c.BC+].—In
Attic dialect always short: [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
出典: STEPBible.org (Tyndale House, Cambridge), CC BY 4.0
